Summary
Background
With the rise of overweight and obesity and associated chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, research is required to understand the role of red meat in dietary patterns associated with these conditions and to determine effective dietary red meat strategies for preventing and managing these conditions.
Purpose and description
To gain an understanding of the association between red meat and risk of colorectal cancer, several analyses were commissioned by experts with specialised analytical expertise from the George Institute, CSIRO and Exponent. MLA funded applications received from several researchers from Melbourne, Monash and Sydney Universities, RMIT and CSIRO to explore the benefit of a higher protein diet, using red meat, to manage weight and other chronic disease risk factors, including blood pressure, markers of glycaemia and lipidaemia in different population groups, including men, women and people with diabetes. To inform the development of effective dietary strategies, the composition of a healthy diet for optimal gut health is being investigated and the safety of a higher protein, red meat diet assessed. MLA is also funding studies investigating a potential relationship between zinc and reduced risk of diabetes and depression.
Objectives
To gain an understanding of the association between colorectal cancer risk and different levels of red meat consumption reported in epidemiological observational studies.To gain an understanding of the association between type 2 diabetes risk and different levels of red meat consumption reported in epidemiological observational studies.To determine the effect of high protein (red meat) diets compared to high carbohydrate diets on glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.To determine the effect of a higher protein (red meat) diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet on body weight and other metabolic markers of chronic disease in men.To determine the effect of a higher protein (red meat) diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet on weight maintenance and other cardiovascular risk factors in men and women.To determine the effect of a meat- based DASH-type diet on blood pressure and bone turnover in postmenopausal women.To determine the association between zinc and metabolic markers of type 2 diabetes. To determine whether there is a relationship between diet quality and intake of bioavailable iron and zinc in people with depression.To review current knowledge of the role of gut microbiota in health and identify research gaps for determining diet and lifestyle strategies for improving gut health.To determine the optimal amount and type of foods naturally high in prebiotics required to improve markers of gut health without compromising bioavailable zinc intake.To assess the relationship between dietary protein intake and markers of bone health in women.
OutcomesCitations:Huxley RR et al. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. International Journal of Cancer 2009;125(1):171–180. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19350627Larsen R, Mann N, Maclean E, Shaw J. The effect of high protein, low carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A 12 month randomized controlled trial. Diabetologia 2011;5(4):731-40. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21246185Delbridge EA, Prendergast LA, Pritchard JE, Proietto J. One-year weight maintenance after significant weight loss in healthy overweight and obese subjects: does diet composition matter? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90(5):1203-14. Seehttp://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/5/1203Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Weight loss improves heart rate recovery in overweight and obese men with features of the metabolic syndrome. American Heart Journal 2006; 152(4):693.e1-6. See
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16996838Benassi-Evans B, Clifton P, Noakes M, Keogh J, Fenech M. High protein-high red meat versus high carbohydrate weight loss diets do not differ in effect on genome stability and cell death in lymphocytes of overweight men. Mutagenesis 2009;24(3):271-7. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264840 O'Callaghan N, Clifton P, Noakes M, Fenech M. Weight loss in obese men is associated with increased telomere length and decreased abasic sites in rectal mucosa. Rejuvenation Research 2009:12(3):169-76. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19594325Belobrajdic D,Frystyk J, Jeyaratnaganthan N, Espelund U, Flyvbjerg A, Clifton P, Noakes M. Moderate energy restriction induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels independent of dietary composition. European Journal of Endocrinology 2010;162(6):1075-82. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20212016
Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N and Pachett A. Low sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension- type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research 2009;29(1):8-18. See
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19185772Noakes M, Benassi B, O'Callaghan N, Brinkworth G, Keogh J, Bird B, Clifton P, Fenech M, et al. Bowel, renal and bone health markers during weight loss on a high protein high red meat diet compared to an isocaloric high carbohydrate diet in overweight/obese men at 1 year. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;16(3): S46. Seehttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/237390240_Bowel_renal_and_bone_health_markers_during_weight_loss_on_a_high_protein_high_red_meat_diet_compared_to_an_isocaloric_high_carbohydrate_di_et_in_overweightobese_men_at_1_yearTay J et al. A Very Low Carbohydrate, Low Saturated Fat Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0845. Seehttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/29/dc14-0845.abstractWycherley TP. et al. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, Dec 96(6):1281-98. Seehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097268
